Resistance Exercise and Creatine Supplementation on Fat Mass in Adults < 50 Years of Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Darren G Candow; Konstantinos Prokopidis; Scott C Forbes; Flavia Rusterholz; Bill I Campbell; Sergej M Ostojic

Nutrients, 2023

SR / meta-analysisCC BYData current as of 25 Oct 2026

Abstract

The combination of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation has been shown to decrease body fat percentage in adults ≥ 50 years of age. However, the effect on adults < 50 years of age is currently unknown. To address this limitation, we systematically reviewed the literature and performed several meta-analyses comparing studies that included resistance exercise and creatine supplementation to resistance exercise and placebo on fat mass and body fat percentage Twelve studies were included, involving 266 participants. Adults (<50 years of age) who supplemented with creatine and performed resistance exercise experienced a very small, yet significant reduction in body fat percentage (-1.19%, p = 0.006); however, no difference was found in absolute fat mass (-0.18 kg, p = 0.76). Collectively, in adults < 50 years of age, the combination of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation produces a very small reduction in body fat percentage without a corresponding decrease in absolute fat mass.

Source: PubMed. Shown under the article’s CC BY licence.

Where this study is used

Creatine monohydrate supplementation: Fat mass (Adults (< 50 y)) — Moderate. Counted in the grade.

Extracted values

AI-assisted extraction: each number comes with the sentence it was read from.

Studies pooled: 12
Participants pooled: 266
Funding: This research received no external funding.

Study-level values with their source sentences
Field	Value	Source sentence
Review question	Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation vs. resistance exercise alone on measures of fat mass (i.e., absolute body fat mass and body fat percentage) in adults < 50 years of age, while accounting for several confounders, including creatine dose and duration, and health status.	Show quote for Review question Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation vs. resistance exercise alone on measures of fat mass (i.e., absolute body fat mass and body fat percentage) in adults < 50 years of age, while accounting for several confounders, including creatine dose and duration, and health status. Located at `sec:1/p:2`
Population	Adults (<50 years of age)	Show quote for Population Adults (<50 years of age) who supplemented with creatine and performed resistance exercise Located at `sec:abstract/p:0`

Abstract

Source: PubMed. Shown under the article’s CC BY licence.

Extracted values

AI-assisted extraction: each number comes with the sentence it was read from.

Studies pooled: 12
Participants pooled: 266
Funding: This research received no external funding.

Study-level values with their source sentences
Field	Value	Source sentence
Review question	Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation vs. resistance exercise alone on measures of fat mass (i.e., absolute body fat mass and body fat percentage) in adults < 50 years of age, while accounting for several confounders, including creatine dose and duration, and health status.	Show quote for Review question Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of resistance exercise and creatine supplementation vs. resistance exercise alone on measures of fat mass (i.e., absolute body fat mass and body fat percentage) in adults < 50 years of age, while accounting for several confounders, including creatine dose and duration, and health status. Located at `sec:1/p:2`
Population	Adults (<50 years of age)	Show quote for Population Adults (<50 years of age) who supplemented with creatine and performed resistance exercise Located at `sec:abstract/p:0`

Intervention · Agent	creatine monohydrate	Show quote for Intervention · Agent the intervention group was receiving creatine monohydrate and resistance exercise Located at `sec:2.1/p:0`

Intervention · Duration	minimum study duration of 4 weeks	Show quote for Intervention · Duration a minimum study duration of 4 weeks Located at `sec:2.1/p:0`

Comparator	resistance exercise with placebo	Show quote for Comparator the comparator group was receiving resistance exercise with placebo Located at `sec:2.1/p:0`

N studies	12	Show quote for N studies Twelve studies were included Located at `sec:abstract/p:0`

N participants	266	Show quote for N participants involving 266 participants Located at `sec:abstract/p:0`

Authors rob summary	Four of the studies were classified as having a low risk of bias [16,17,19,21], six studies had a moderate risk [13,18,22,23,24,27], and two studies had a high risk of bias [14,20]. These concerns primarily arose due to the absence of specific details regarding randomization procedures or treatment allocation, considering that two studies did not report whether the participants were randomized [14,20]. Lastly, in one study, the supplement was provided in a single-blind fashion [24]. A detailed description of the risk of bias assessment is depicted in Figure 4.	Show quote for Authors rob summary Four of the studies were classified as having a low risk of bias [16,17,19,21], six studies had a moderate risk [13,18,22,23,24,27], and two studies had a high risk of bias [14,20]. These concerns primarily arose due to the absence of specific details regarding randomization procedures or treatment allocation, considering that two studies did not report whether the participants were randomized [14,20]. Located at `sec:3.3/p:0`

Funding	This research received no external funding.	Show quote for Funding This research received no external funding. Located at `sec:12/p:0`

Coi	D.G.C. has conducted industry-sponsored research involving creatine supplementation and received creatine donations for scientific studies and travel support for presentations involving creatine supplementation at scientific conferences. In addition, D.G.C. serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a company that manufactures creatine) and as an expert witness/consultant in legal cases involving creatine supplementation. S.C.F. previously served as a scientific advisor for a company that sold creatine; has received creatine donations for scientific studies; sells creatine education resources; and is a sports nutrition advisor for the International Society of Sports Nutrition. S.C.F. is a scientific advisor for BearBalanced. B.I.C. has no conflicts in terms of financial or business interests related to this manuscript. B.I.C. has received grants and contracts to conduct research on dietary supplements; has served as a paid consultant for industry; has received honoraria for speaking at conferences and writing lay articles about sports nutrition ingredients and topics; is a member of the International Protein Board which disseminates knowledge on protein and protein products; has served as an expert witness on behalf of the plaintiff and defense in cases involving dietary supplements; and receives compensation for writing and providing educational services related to exercise and nutrition-related topics. S.M.O. serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a company that manufactures creatine). S.M.O. owns the patent “Sports Supplements Based on Liquid Creatine” at the European Patent Office (WO2019150323 A1) and an active patent application for “Synergistic Creatine” at the UK Intellectual Property Office (GB2012773.4). S.M.O. has served as a speaker at Abbott Nutrition, as a consultant of Allied Beverages Adriatic and IMLEK, and has received research funding related to creatine from the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science, and Technological Development, Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research, AlzChem GmbH, KW Pfannenschmidt GmbH, ThermoLife International LLC, and Hueston Hennigan LLP. K.P. and F.R. declare no conflicts.	Show quote for Coi D.G.C. has conducted industry-sponsored research involving creatine supplementation and received creatine donations for scientific studies and travel support for presentations involving creatine supplementation at scientific conferences. In addition, D.G.C. serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alzchem (a company that manufactures creatine) and as an expert witness/consultant in legal cases involving creatine supplementation. Located at `sec:11/p:0`

Limitations	Results from this meta-analysis are likely affected by the measurement errors of the body composition assessment tool used and subsequent changes in lean tissue and/or total body water. Further, multiple studies did not control the dietary intake of creatine which may have influenced our findings. Moreover, considering the fundamental physiological differences underpinning men and women, we could not establish a subgroup analysis or a meta-regression to account for this confounder. Another limitation can also be attributed to the varied training status of the participants and the variability pertaining to the intensity of exercise protocols. Finally, no mechanisms of lipolysis or beta-oxidation were determined in this meta-analysis.	Show quote for Limitations Results from this meta-analysis are likely affected by the measurement errors of the body composition assessment tool used and subsequent changes in lean tissue and/or total body water. Further, multiple studies did not control the dietary intake of creatine which may have influenced our findings. Moreover, considering the fundamental physiological differences underpinning men and women, we could not establish a subgroup analysis or a meta-regression to account for this confounder. Located at `sec:4.1/p:0`

Values extracted for absolute fat mass
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	absolute fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name changes in absolute fat mass (kg) over time Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Effect measure	MD	Show quote for Effect measure k = 6; MD = −0.18; 95%CI, −1.32 to 0.96; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.76 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Effect measure as written	MD	Show quote for Effect measure as written k = 6; MD = −0.18; 95%CI, −1.32 to 0.96; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.76 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Point estimate	−0.18	Show quote for Point estimate k = 6; MD = −0.18; 95%CI, −1.32 to 0.96; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.76 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Ci low	−1.32	Show quote for Ci low k = 6; MD = −0.18; 95%CI, −1.32 to 0.96; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.76 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Ci high	0.96	Show quote for Ci high k = 6; MD = −0.18; 95%CI, −1.32 to 0.96; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.76 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95%CI, −1.32 to 0.96 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Unit	kg	Show quote for Unit absolute fat mass (kg) Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
P value	0.76	Show quote for P value k = 6; MD = −0.18; 95%CI, −1.32 to 0.96; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.76 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 k = 6; MD = −0.18; 95%CI, −1.32 to 0.96; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.76 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
N studies	6	Show quote for N studies k = 6 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Analysis kind	primary	Show quote for Analysis kind Our main analysis showed that creatine supplementation did not significantly impact changes in absolute fat mass (kg) over time Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`

Values extracted for body fat percentage
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	body fat percentage	Show quote for Outcome name creatine did produce a significant reduction in body fat percentage over time Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Effect measure	MD	Show quote for Effect measure k = 10; MD = −1.19; 95% CI, −2.03 to −0.34; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.006 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Effect measure as written	MD	Show quote for Effect measure as written k = 10; MD = −1.19; 95% CI, −2.03 to −0.34; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.006 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Point estimate	−1.19	Show quote for Point estimate k = 10; MD = −1.19; 95% CI, −2.03 to −0.34; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.006 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Ci low	−2.03	Show quote for Ci low k = 10; MD = −1.19; 95% CI, −2.03 to −0.34; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.006 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Ci high	−0.34	Show quote for Ci high k = 10; MD = −1.19; 95% CI, −2.03 to −0.34; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.006 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −2.03 to −0.34 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Unit	%	Show quote for Unit −1.19%, p = 0.006 Located at `sec:abstract/p:0`
P value	0.006	Show quote for P value k = 10; MD = −1.19; 95% CI, −2.03 to −0.34; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.006 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 k = 10; MD = −1.19; 95% CI, −2.03 to −0.34; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.006 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
N studies	10	Show quote for N studies k = 10 Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`
Analysis kind	primary	Show quote for Analysis kind Our main analysis showed that creatine supplementation did not significantly impact changes in absolute fat mass (kg) over time Located at `sec:3.2/p:0`

Values extracted for fat mass · <40 years
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure <40 years: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written <40 years: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.18	Show quote for Point estimate <40 years: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.44	Show quote for Ci low <40 years: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.08	Show quote for Ci high <40 years: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.18	Show quote for P value <40 years: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 <40 years: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	<40 years	Show quote for Subgroup <40 years: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · 41–49 years
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure 41–49 years: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written 41–49 years: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.05	Show quote for Point estimate 41–49 years: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.73	Show quote for Ci low 41–49 years: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.63	Show quote for Ci high 41–49 years: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.88	Show quote for P value 41–49 years: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	41–49 years	Show quote for Subgroup 41–49 years: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · DXA
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure DXA: SMD = −0.13; 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.20; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.44 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written DXA: SMD = −0.13; 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.20; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.44 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.13	Show quote for Point estimate DXA: SMD = −0.13; 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.20; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.44 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.46	Show quote for Ci low DXA: SMD = −0.13; 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.20; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.44 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.2	Show quote for Ci high DXA: SMD = −0.13; 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.20; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.44 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.20 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.44	Show quote for P value DXA: SMD = −0.13; 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.20; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.44 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 DXA: SMD = −0.13; 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.20; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.44 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	DXA	Show quote for Subgroup DXA: SMD = −0.13; 95% CI, −0.46 to 0.20; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.44 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · BIA
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure BIA: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.99 to 0.45; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written BIA: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.99 to 0.45; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.27	Show quote for Point estimate BIA: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.99 to 0.45; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.99	Show quote for Ci low BIA: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.99 to 0.45; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.45	Show quote for Ci high BIA: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.99 to 0.45; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.99 to 0.45 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.47	Show quote for P value BIA: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.99 to 0.45; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	BIA	Show quote for Subgroup BIA: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.99 to 0.45; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · hydrodensitometry
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure hydrodensitometry: SMD = −0.17; 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written hydrodensitometry: SMD = −0.17; 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.17	Show quote for Point estimate hydrodensitometry: SMD = −0.17; 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.62	Show quote for Ci low hydrodensitometry: SMD = −0.17; 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.29	Show quote for Ci high hydrodensitometry: SMD = −0.17; 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.29 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.47	Show quote for P value hydrodensitometry: SMD = −0.17; 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 hydrodensitometry: SMD = −0.17; 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	hydrodensitometry	Show quote for Subgroup hydrodensitometry: SMD = −0.17; 95% CI, −0.62 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.47 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · Bod Pod
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure Bod Pod: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written Bod Pod: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.26	Show quote for Point estimate Bod Pod: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−1.35	Show quote for Ci low Bod Pod: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.84	Show quote for Ci high Bod Pod: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.65	Show quote for P value Bod Pod: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	Bod Pod	Show quote for Subgroup Bod Pod: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · <25 kg/m^2
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure <25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.14; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.16; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.36 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written <25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.14; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.16; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.36 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.14	Show quote for Point estimate <25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.14; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.16; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.36 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.45	Show quote for Ci low <25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.14; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.16; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.36 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.16	Show quote for Ci high <25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.14; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.16; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.36 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.16 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.36	Show quote for P value <25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.14; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.16; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.36 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 <25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.14; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.16; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.36 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	<25 kg/m^2	Show quote for Subgroup <25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.14; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.16; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.36 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · ≥25 kg/m^2
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure ≥25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.22; I^2 = 6%; p = 0.35 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written ≥25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.22; I^2 = 6%; p = 0.35 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.2	Show quote for Point estimate ≥25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.22; I^2 = 6%; p = 0.35 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.61	Show quote for Ci low ≥25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.22; I^2 = 6%; p = 0.35 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.22	Show quote for Ci high ≥25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.22; I^2 = 6%; p = 0.35 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.22 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.35	Show quote for P value ≥25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.22; I^2 = 6%; p = 0.35 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	6	Show quote for I2 ≥25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.22; I^2 = 6%; p = 0.35 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	≥25 kg/m^2	Show quote for Subgroup ≥25 kg/m^2: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.22; I^2 = 6%; p = 0.35 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · Females only
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure Females only: SMD = 0.08; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.85; p = 0.84 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written Females only: SMD = 0.08; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.85; p = 0.84 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	0.08	Show quote for Point estimate Females only: SMD = 0.08; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.85; p = 0.84 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.69	Show quote for Ci low Females only: SMD = 0.08; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.85; p = 0.84 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.85	Show quote for Ci high Females only: SMD = 0.08; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.85; p = 0.84 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.85 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.84	Show quote for P value Females only: SMD = 0.08; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.85; p = 0.84 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	Females only	Show quote for Subgroup Females only: SMD = 0.08; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.85; p = 0.84 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · Males only
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure Males only: SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written Males only: SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.19	Show quote for Point estimate Males only: SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.45	Show quote for Ci low Males only: SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.08	Show quote for Ci high Males only: SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.17	Show quote for P value Males only: SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 Males only: SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	Males only	Show quote for Subgroup Males only: SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · Mixed
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure Mixed: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written Mixed: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.26	Show quote for Point estimate Mixed: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−1.35	Show quote for Ci low Mixed: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.84	Show quote for Ci high Mixed: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.65	Show quote for P value Mixed: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	Mixed	Show quote for Subgroup Mixed: SMD = −0.26; 95% CI, −1.35 to 0.84; p = 0.65 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · <5 g
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure <5 g: SMD = −0.12; 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.18; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.43 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written <5 g: SMD = −0.12; 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.18; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.43 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.12	Show quote for Point estimate <5 g: SMD = −0.12; 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.18; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.43 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.43	Show quote for Ci low <5 g: SMD = −0.12; 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.18; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.43 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.18	Show quote for Ci high <5 g: SMD = −0.12; 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.18; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.43 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.43	Show quote for P value <5 g: SMD = −0.12; 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.18; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.43 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 <5 g: SMD = −0.12; 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.18; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.43 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	<5 g	Show quote for Subgroup <5 g: SMD = −0.12; 95% CI, −0.43 to 0.18; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.43 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · ≥5 g
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure ≥5 g: SMD = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.65 to 0.17; I^2 = 2%; p = 0.26 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written ≥5 g: SMD = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.65 to 0.17; I^2 = 2%; p = 0.26 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.24	Show quote for Point estimate ≥5 g: SMD = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.65 to 0.17; I^2 = 2%; p = 0.26 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.65	Show quote for Ci low ≥5 g: SMD = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.65 to 0.17; I^2 = 2%; p = 0.26 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.17	Show quote for Ci high ≥5 g: SMD = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.65 to 0.17; I^2 = 2%; p = 0.26 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.65 to 0.17 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.26	Show quote for P value ≥5 g: SMD = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.65 to 0.17; I^2 = 2%; p = 0.26 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	2	Show quote for I2 ≥5 g: SMD = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.65 to 0.17; I^2 = 2%; p = 0.26 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	≥5 g	Show quote for Subgroup ≥5 g: SMD = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.65 to 0.17; I^2 = 2%; p = 0.26 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · <8 weeks
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure <8 weeks: SMD = −0.08; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.25; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written <8 weeks: SMD = −0.08; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.25; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.08	Show quote for Point estimate <8 weeks: SMD = −0.08; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.25; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.41	Show quote for Ci low <8 weeks: SMD = −0.08; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.25; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.25	Show quote for Ci high <8 weeks: SMD = −0.08; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.25; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.25 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.63	Show quote for P value <8 weeks: SMD = −0.08; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.25; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 <8 weeks: SMD = −0.08; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.25; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	<8 weeks	Show quote for Subgroup <8 weeks: SMD = −0.08; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.25; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · ≥8 weeks
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure ≥8 weeks: SMD = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.13; I^2 = 20%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written ≥8 weeks: SMD = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.13; I^2 = 20%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.28	Show quote for Point estimate ≥8 weeks: SMD = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.13; I^2 = 20%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.69	Show quote for Ci low ≥8 weeks: SMD = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.13; I^2 = 20%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.13	Show quote for Ci high ≥8 weeks: SMD = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.13; I^2 = 20%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.13 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.18	Show quote for P value ≥8 weeks: SMD = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.13; I^2 = 20%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	20	Show quote for I2 ≥8 weeks: SMD = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.13; I^2 = 20%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	≥8 weeks	Show quote for Subgroup ≥8 weeks: SMD = −0.28; 95% CI, −0.69 to 0.13; I^2 = 20%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · ≤3x/week
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure ≤3x/week: SMD = −0.07; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.26; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.67 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written ≤3x/week: SMD = −0.07; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.26; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.67 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.07	Show quote for Point estimate ≤3x/week: SMD = −0.07; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.26; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.67 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.41	Show quote for Ci low ≤3x/week: SMD = −0.07; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.26; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.67 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.26	Show quote for Ci high ≤3x/week: SMD = −0.07; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.26; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.67 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.26 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.67	Show quote for P value ≤3x/week: SMD = −0.07; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.26; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.67 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 ≤3x/week: SMD = −0.07; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.26; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.67 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	≤3x/week	Show quote for Subgroup ≤3x/week: SMD = −0.07; 95% CI, −0.41 to 0.26; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.67 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · >3x/week
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure >3x/week: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.63 to 0.09; I^2= 2%; p = 0.14 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written >3x/week: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.63 to 0.09; I^2= 2%; p = 0.14 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Point estimate	−0.27	Show quote for Point estimate >3x/week: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.63 to 0.09; I^2= 2%; p = 0.14 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci low	−0.63	Show quote for Ci low >3x/week: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.63 to 0.09; I^2= 2%; p = 0.14 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci high	0.09	Show quote for Ci high >3x/week: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.63 to 0.09; I^2= 2%; p = 0.14 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.63 to 0.09 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
P value	0.14	Show quote for P value >3x/week: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.63 to 0.09; I^2= 2%; p = 0.14 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
I2	2	Show quote for I2 >3x/week: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.63 to 0.09; I^2= 2%; p = 0.14 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	>3x/week	Show quote for Subgroup >3x/week: SMD = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.63 to 0.09; I^2= 2%; p = 0.14 Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Analysis kind	subgroup	Show quote for Analysis kind The subgroup analysis based on age (<40 years vs. 41–49 years) Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`

Values extracted for fat mass · Healthy participants
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure Healthy participants: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written Healthy participants: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Point estimate	−0.18	Show quote for Point estimate Healthy participants: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci low	−0.44	Show quote for Ci low Healthy participants: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci high	0.08	Show quote for Ci high Healthy participants: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
P value	0.18	Show quote for P value Healthy participants: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 Healthy participants: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	Healthy participants	Show quote for Subgroup Healthy participants: SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.18 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Analysis kind	sensitivity	Show quote for Analysis kind The sensitivity analysis excluding participants with health conditions Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`

Values extracted for fat mass · Unhealthy participants
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure Unhealthy participants: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written Unhealthy participants: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Point estimate	−0.05	Show quote for Point estimate Unhealthy participants: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci low	−0.73	Show quote for Ci low Unhealthy participants: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci high	0.63	Show quote for Ci high Unhealthy participants: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
P value	0.88	Show quote for P value Unhealthy participants: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	Unhealthy participants	Show quote for Subgroup Unhealthy participants: SMD = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.73 to 0.63; p = 0.88 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Analysis kind	sensitivity	Show quote for Analysis kind The sensitivity analysis excluding participants with health conditions Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`

Values extracted for fat mass · Assessment
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure Assessment: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.52 to 0.11; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.20 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written Assessment: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.52 to 0.11; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.20 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Point estimate	−0.2	Show quote for Point estimate Assessment: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.52 to 0.11; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.20 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci low	−0.52	Show quote for Ci low Assessment: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.52 to 0.11; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.20 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci high	0.11	Show quote for Ci high Assessment: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.52 to 0.11; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.20 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.52 to 0.11 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
P value	0.2	Show quote for P value Assessment: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.52 to 0.11; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.20 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 Assessment: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.52 to 0.11; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.20 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	Assessment	Show quote for Subgroup Assessment: SMD = −0.20; 95% CI, −0.52 to 0.11; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.20 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Analysis kind	sensitivity	Show quote for Analysis kind studies that did not assess for dietary intake Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`

Values extracted for fat mass · No assessment
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure No assessment: SMD = −0.10; 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.61 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written No assessment: SMD = −0.10; 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.61 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Point estimate	−0.1	Show quote for Point estimate No assessment: SMD = −0.10; 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.61 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci low	−0.49	Show quote for Ci low No assessment: SMD = −0.10; 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.61 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci high	0.29	Show quote for Ci high No assessment: SMD = −0.10; 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.61 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.29 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
P value	0.61	Show quote for P value No assessment: SMD = −0.10; 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.61 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 No assessment: SMD = −0.10; 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.61 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	No assessment	Show quote for Subgroup No assessment: SMD = −0.10; 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.29; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.61 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Analysis kind	sensitivity	Show quote for Analysis kind studies that did not assess for dietary intake Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`

Values extracted for fat mass · studies with increased risk of bias
Field	Value	Source sentence
Outcome name	fat mass	Show quote for Outcome name creatine supplementation did not influence fat mass more than placebo Located at `sec:3.2/p:1`
Effect measure	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure studies with increased risk of bias (SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17) Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Effect measure as written	SMD	Show quote for Effect measure as written studies with increased risk of bias (SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17) Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Point estimate	−0.19	Show quote for Point estimate studies with increased risk of bias (SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17) Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci low	−0.45	Show quote for Ci low studies with increased risk of bias (SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17) Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci high	0.08	Show quote for Ci high studies with increased risk of bias (SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17) Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Ci level	95	Show quote for Ci level 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08 Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
P value	0.17	Show quote for P value studies with increased risk of bias (SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17) Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
I2	0	Show quote for I2 studies with increased risk of bias (SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17) Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Pooling model	random	Show quote for Pooling model The inverse-variance approach and the random-effects model were used Located at `sec:2.3/p:0`
Subgroup	studies with increased risk of bias	Show quote for Subgroup studies with increased risk of bias (SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17) Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`
Analysis kind	sensitivity	Show quote for Analysis kind studies with increased risk of bias (SMD = −0.19; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.08; I^2 = 0%; p = 0.17) Located at `sec:3.2/p:2`

Field

Value

Source sentence

Outcome name

fat mass

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:1

Effect measure

SMD

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

Effect measure as written

SMD

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

Point estimate

−0.19

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

Ci low

−0.45

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

Ci high

0.08

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

Ci level

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

P value

0.17

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

Pooling model

random

Show quote

Located at sec:2.3/p:0

Subgroup

studies with increased risk of bias

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

Analysis kind

sensitivity

Show quote

Located at sec:3.2/p:2

Abstract

Where this study is used

Extracted values

Abstract

Where this study is used

Extracted values

absolute fat mass

body fat percentage

fat mass · <40 years

fat mass · 41–49 years

fat mass · DXA

fat mass · BIA

fat mass · hydrodensitometry

fat mass · Bod Pod

fat mass · <25 kg/m^2

fat mass · ≥25 kg/m^2

fat mass · Females only

fat mass · Males only

fat mass · Mixed

fat mass · <5 g

fat mass · ≥5 g

fat mass · <8 weeks

fat mass · ≥8 weeks

fat mass · ≤3x/week

fat mass · >3x/week

fat mass · Healthy participants

fat mass · Unhealthy participants

fat mass · Assessment

fat mass · No assessment

fat mass · studies with increased risk of bias

How these values were extracted